《DFMA面向制造与装配的设计》英文版 第13-14部分（113页）
在产品设计阶段，充分考虑来自于产品制造和装配的要求，使得机械工程师设计的产品具有很好的可制造性和可装配性，从根本上避免在产品开发后期出现的制造和装配质量问题。
本附件包含以下内容：
Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly（Third Edition）
13. Design for Investment Casting............ 559
13.1 Introduction............ 559
13.2 Process Overview......................... 559
13.3 Pattern Materials.... 561
13.4 Pattern Injection Machines.......... 561
13.5 Pattern Molds..........563
13.6 Pattern and Cluster Assembly.....563
13.7 Ceramic Shell Mold.......................563
13.8 Ceramic Cores........564
13.9 Pattern Meltout.......565
13.10 Pattern Burnout and Mold Firing............565
13.11 Knockout and Cleaning...............565
13.12 Cutoff and Finishing.....................566
13.13 Pattern and Core Material Cost...566
13.14 Wax Pattern Injection Cost..........568
13.15 Fill Time................... 570
13.16 Cooling Time.......... 570
13.17 Ejection and Reset Time............... 571
13.18 Process Cost per Pattern or Core............. 573
13.19 Estimating Core Injection Cost... 574
13.20 Pattern and Core Mold Cost........ 575
13.21 Core Mold Cost....... 579
13.22 Pattern and Cluster Assembly Cost......... 579
13.23 Number of Parts per Cluster....... 581
13.24 Pattern Piece Cost... 582
13.25 Cleaning and Etching...................583
13.26 Shell Mold Material Cost.............583
13.27 Investing the Pattern Cluster.......584
13.28 Pattern Meltout.......585
13.29 Burnout, Sinter, and Preheat........585
13.30 Total Shell Mold Cost....................585
13.31 Cost for Melting Metal.................586
13.32 Raw Base Metal Cost....................590
13.33 Ready-to-Pour Liquid Metal Cost............590
13.34 Pouring Cost...........590
13.35 Final Material Cost........................ 591
13.36 Breakout................... 592
13.37 Cleaning.................. 593
13.38 Cutoff....................... 593
13.39 Design Guidelines......................... 596
References... 597
14. Design for Hot Forging......................... 599
14.1 Introduction............ 599
14.2 Characteristics of the Forging Process.... 599
14.2.1 Types of Forging Processes......... 599
14.3 Role of Flash in Forging...............600
14.3.1 Determination of the Flash Land Geometry............. 601
14.3.2 Amount of Flash..............603
14.3.3 Webs in Forgings.............605
14.4 Forging Allowances......................605
14.5 Preforming during Forging.........606
14.5.1 Die Layout......................... 611
14.6 Flash Removal........ 613
14.7 Classification of Forgings............. 614
14.7.1 Forging Complexity......... 616
14.7.1.1 Shape Complexity Factor............................... 616
14.7.1.2 Number of Surface Patches in the Part........ 617
14.8 Forging Equipment....................... 617
14.8.1 Gravity Drop Hammers............... 617
14.8.2 Double Acting or Power Hammers............................. 618
14.8.3 Vertical Counterblow Hammers.............. 618
14.8.4 Horizontal Counterblow Hammers............................ 619
14.8.5 Mechanical Presses.......... 619
14.8.6 Screw Presses................... 620
14.8.7 Hydraulic Presses............ 620
14.8.8 Choice of Forging Machine Type................................. 620
14.8.9 Comparisons of Forging Equipment........................... 621
14.9 Classification of Materials............ 621
14.10 Forging Costs.......... 624
14.10.1 Material Costs................... 626
14.10.2 Equipment Operating Costs........ 627
14.10.3 Examples of Equipment Selection............................... 629
14.10.4 Forging Processing Costs............630
14.10.5 Forging Machine Setup Costs..... 632
14.11 Forging Die Costs...633
14.11.1 Initial Die Costs................633
14.11.2 Estimation of Costs for Multi-Impression Forging Dies.........................634
14.11.2.1 Die Material Costs......634
14.11.2.2 Multi-Impression Die Manufacturing Costs..........................636
14.12 Die Life and Tool Replacement Costs......638
14.13 Costs of Flash Removal................640
14.13.1 Flash Removal Processing Costs.................................640
14.13.2 Tooling Costs for Flash Removal.................................641
14.14 Other Forging Costs.....................642
14.14.1 Billet Preparation.............642
14.14.2 Billet Heating Costs.........643
References..........................646
Index...........649
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